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July 14, 2009 at 11:55 am #1157JeanMember
I’ve speaking last year’s with Dr Fletchas. He explain me that your body and brain are working better with iodoral.
After one week on 12.5 mg of iodine + levo + armour, I perform better on brain function (concentration, well being, arousal…) but my body temperature shut down to 36.8 degré instead of 37.2 without iodineWhy iodine shut down body temperature ?
Do you have an explanation for that ?
If high dose of iodine lower thyroid sensitivity, I need to stop it. But I feel better with iodine
Thank
July 14, 2009 at 1:38 pm #2658DrMariano2Participant@Jean 780 wrote:
I’ve speaking last year’s with Dr Fletchas. He explain me that your body and brain are working better with iodoral.
After one week on 12.5 mg of iodine + levo + armour, I perform better on brain function (concentration, well being, arousal…) but my body temperature shut down to 36.8 degré instead of 37.2 without iodineWhy iodine shut down body temperature ?
Do you have an explanation for that ?
If high dose of iodine lower thyroid sensitivity, I need to stop it. But I feel better with iodine
What temperature do you mean? Oral or Axillary or Rectal?
37.2 degrees Celsius = 99.0 degrees Fahrenheit.
36.8 degrees Celsius = 98.2 degrees Fahrenheit.
If a person is healthy, generally the oral temperature is going to be very similar to the armpit or axillary temperature. Broda Barnes MD found in a study of 1000 healthy soldiers during World War II that the oral temperature is within 0.1 degrees of the armpit temperature.
Oral temperature is an unreliable measure of a person’s metabolism because of the high frequency of sinus infections, oral infections, allergies, and upper respiratory infections which affect a person with hypothyroidism. The presence of these conditions will raise the oral temperature above what represents metabolism. When monitoring temperature to determine metabolism (and hence thyroid function), the armpit or axillary temperature is the better temperature to obtain.
I find the left armpit temperature to be the best and most convenient temperature to monitor, given the mass of the heart contributing to the final temperature.
The rectal temperature will be about 0.8 to 1.0 degrees Fahrenheit higher than axillary temperature.
The normal range for axillary temperature is between 97.8 to 98.2 degrees Fahrenheit (36.6 to 36.8 degrees Celsius).
Thus an axillary temperature of 99.0 degrees F (37.2 degrees C) in a healthy person treated with thyroid hormone is a high temperature. I would generally reduce the dose of thyroid hormone if this was the case.An axillary temperature of 98.2 degrees F (36.8 degrees C) is normal.
In a 1992 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, temperature was found to vary through the day. It is lowest around 6 AM, highest around 4-6 PM. There is a mean variation of 0.9 degrees F (0.5 degrees C). The average oral temperature was found to be 98.2 degrees F (36.8 degrees C) in a group of 140 healthy men and women.
Dr. Carl Wunderlich, a 19th Century German Physician, in the 1800s, found by measuring the armpit temperature of over 1-million people, that the average armpit temperature was 98.6 degrees F (37.0 degrees C).Apparently, this appears for WHATEVER reason to be a higher temperature that what was found by Broda Barnes MD in World War II and the more recent 1992 study in JAMA.
I wonder, perhaps, if the lower temperatures in the modern age are because of a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism because more people with hypothyroidism survive now due to antibiotics and other medicines and public health systems such as sewers. Perhaps, Dr. Wunderlich could have had a badly calibrated thermometer for those days or given poor public health services and the lack of antibiotics, perhaps his study included many people who had ongoing infections and fevers.
July 14, 2009 at 4:43 pm #2672JeanMemberthank for this information about temperature.
My rectal temperature is 36.8 degre in the afternoon.
In psychiatry, do you have any advantages to take high dose of iodine ?
I feel more quiet with this high dose of iodine, less brain fog !!!
July 14, 2009 at 8:14 pm #2659DrMariano2Participant@Jean 784 wrote:
thank for this information about temperature.
My rectal temperature is 36.8 degre in the afternoon.
In psychiatry, do you have any advantages to take high dose of iodine ?
I feel more quiet with this high dose of iodine, less brain fog !!!
The human body can store about 1200 mg of iodine/iodide. A lot of iodine is stored in the endocrine system – in addition to the thyroid gland.
50 mg a day will saturate the body. Thus this is about as high as the dose should be unless it is used for other medicinal purposes.
Jonathan Wright MD told me he believes iodine is useful for helping improve HPA Axis regulation. This would be helpful in stabilizing mood.
July 15, 2009 at 7:13 am #2673JeanMemberFrom a e-book about iodine
The bottom line, however, is that the right amount of dietary
Iodide for optimum human health and happiness is about 6-
14 mg, per adult, per day. The best final dosage of Iodide
for most men is 8-12 mg. The best final dosage of Iodide
for most women is 12 mg per day. About 90-95% of
American adults can start right at those high final doses
with no health problems.
Even 1 mg per day, however, is still too high a
dosage for about 5-10% of American adults to begin with.
It may take months, or even years, for the millions of
Americans suffering from more severe thyroid problems
and/or “diabetic neuropathy” to get used to eating that
much Iodide. This is because as dying peripheral nerves
start being revived with more optimal Iodide levels and
metabolism, for months or even years, they usually still do
not function normally.If they increase their dosage too quickly, it may
cause their malfunctioning peripheral nerves to come back
to life too quickly, and thereby temporarily cause (for a
period of months) extremely intense itching and/or pain.
Even people who are just overweight, or who
suffer from an excessively rapid resting pulse rate (over 90
beats per second) also commonly have some short-term
problems adjusting to more rapid metabolism, and thus
need to go very slowly in increasing their dosage. It turns
out that most people with high pulse rates actually have
slow metabolism, due to poor general activation, and/or
use, of Thyroid Hormones. Their hearts usually run too
fast because they have high levels of the inactive Thyroid
Hormone, T4, and the heart is better at activating and using
T4 than the rest of the body is.The publicly un-proclaimed Iodide
supplementation program of the 1960’s was also associated
with reductions in the rates of cancer and cardiovascular
diseases, with generally improving intelligence, emotional
health, and happiness, and with increased capacity to fall
and stay in love, in both men and women. Recall that those
adults under that age of 30 during the 1960’s, and those
who came of age during the 1960’s, were called “The Love
Generation,” “Free Lovers,” “Digger,” and “Flower
Children.” With the increased level of dietary Iodide
during the 1960’s, Americans ended up with the highest
birth rates and marriage rates in American history, and the
lowest divorce rates (as a percentage of marriages) since
the 1920’s.For the time being, let me just assert that ½ mg of
Iodide per day is still so little that most older people will
hardly notice any difference right away. In fact, that may
be why the famous “generation gap” developed during the
1960’s. Generally speaking, older people did not get as
much dietary Iodide as younger people because they ate
less baked goods. Also with the lower Melatonin levels
and higher sex hormone levels in the elderly, they were not
as sensitive to what whatever Iodide they did get. Thus,
they continued with their grumpier attitudes and in their
older more materialistic ways, while the young generation
felt happy, carefree, fell in love, had children and got
married at record rates. The older generations could not
understand why so many teenagers were throwing
prudence to the wind, falling in-love, getting pregnant and
getting married. The younger generation could not
understand what had made their parents so cold and
materialistic. They could not understand why their parents
did not know that love is the most important thing in life.
Whether or not the young got more Iodide than
their parents during the 1960’s, they had lower sex
hormone level because of their youth and higher Melatonin
levels, so they were much more sensitive to, and affected
by, even slightly higher levels of Iodine. When you have
low sex hormone levels going in, just a little more Iodide
than the average American is getting today can speed-up
your metabolism and Progesterone production. That in
turn can very significantly further suppress your sex
hormone levels, and thereby delay the onset of puberty,
improve and extend the development of intelligence by
delaying and extending puberty, intensify and extend
romantic feelings during and after puberty, and enhance
and maintain the ability to fall and stay overwhelmingly in
love.July 15, 2009 at 8:26 am #2660DrMariano2ParticipantAn accessible easy to ready book about iodine is David Brownstein’s “Iodine – Why you need it”.
https://www.drbrownstein.com/homePage.php
He generally knows more about iodine than nearly anyone.
Note that the psychiatric uses of iodine are not well studied.
But iodine has uses for physical health including reducing the risk of reproductive system cancers.
From David Brownstein, the average mainland Japanese person ingests about 12.8 mg of iodine a day.
Iodoral is 12.5 mg of iodine – which is a close match for what the Japanese get.
July 15, 2009 at 10:13 am #2674JeanMemberthank
the e-book of Ford Lewis
http://lewisford.info/files/The_Basic_Program_from_Feeling_Young_and_In_Love3.pdf
July 15, 2009 at 1:32 pm #2671gu3varaMemberThx for the info about armpit temperature!
I’m already on idodine (50 mg for 6 months now and it gave me an increase libido quite fast 🙂
Could you tell more about the reliability of the armpit temperature, should it always be considered a reliable way of monitoring thyroid function (along with labs of course) ? Are there other factor that can influence it, like stress?
I’m wondering cause my TSH is 1,2 with all middle range FT3 and FT4 (don’t have access to total T3 T4 in canada) and my armpit temp is still quite low, it was 96.8 this morning, I’ll monitor later today.
Thx!
July 15, 2009 at 2:21 pm #2661DrMariano2Participant@gu3vara 803 wrote:
Thx for the info about armpit temperature!
Could you tell more about the reliability of the armpit temperature, should it always be considered a reliable way of monitoring thyroid function (along with labs of course) ? Are there other factor that can influence it, like stress?
Temperature (arm-pit) interpretation is necessary because it does not always correlate with thyroid hormone level and one’s metabolism:
Temperature is generally the sum of:
1. Thyroid hormone signaling
2. Norepinephrine/stress signaling
3. Infection/allergy or other nearby and recent inflammatory process.There are other factors which may also increase temperature. But those are the big three.
Norepinephrine signaling is the primary signal for stress. It increase the activity of brown fat cells to increase temperature. It increases metabolism. One way it does this is to stimulate the production of deiodinate enzymes that convert T4 to T3 – thus activating whatever thyroid hormone there is.
Norepinephrine, particularly in the presence of low cortisol signaling, generally does not do a good job of increasing temperature (it does give the perception of being hot, but actual temperature is low). But it does increase temperature in some people. For example, occasionally, I see patients who are within the norma range for arm-pit temperature (97.8 to 98.2 degrees F) but are also low in thyroid hormone and are stressed.
July 15, 2009 at 5:14 pm #2675JeanMemberthere are some contreversy about high dose of iodine in pub med:mad:
Endocr Pathol. 2002 Fall;13(3):175-81.
Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in Salta, Argentina: a 40-yr study in relation to iodine prophylaxis.
Harach HR, Escalante DA, Day ES.
Services of Pathology, Dr A Oñativia Endocrinology and Metabolism Hospital,
Salta, Argentina. rubenharach@ciudad.com.ar
The natural history of thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in relation to iodine
prophylaxis in the region of Salta, Argentina, where goiter is common was
investigated over a time span of 40 yr. For analysis of thyroid cancer, the
specimens were divided into two periods. The first 15 yr (59 cases), including 5
yr before prophylaxis, was compared with the second 25 yr (182 cases), a period
well after salt iodination. Papillary carcinomas formed the largest group of
tumors in both periods, with a significant increase in their proportion in the
second period (44 vs 60%, chi(2): p < 0.05), while the percentage of follicular
and undifferentiated carcinomas decreased and medullary carcinoma remained about
the same. The ratio of papillary to follicular carcinoma rose from 1.7:1 in the
first period to 3.1:1 in the second. Four thyroid lymphomas of non-Hodgkin’s
B-cell type occurred in the second period in females over age 50. A severe
lymphoid thyroiditis was present in the two cases with assessable background
thyroid tissue. The frequency of moderate to severe lymphoid infiltrate in
females rose from 2 of 12 (16.6%) in the preprophylaxis period to 34 of 114
(28.0%) in the last 25 yr after prophylaxis. After salt prophylaxis, thyroiditis
was more frequent in patients with papillary carcinoma (36.2%) than in those with
nonpapillary tumors (14.7%) (chi(2), p < 0.02). These observations indicate that
a high dietary intake of iodine may be associated with a high frequency of
papillary carcinoma and thyroiditis, and that thyroiditis is more commonly
associated with papillary carcinoma than with other thyroid tumors. The
occurrence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas only in the postprophylaxis period may be
linked to an increase in thyroiditis.Saudi Med J. 2007 Jul;28(7):1034-8.
The effect of iodine prophylaxis on the frequency of thyroiditis and thyroid tumors in Southwest, Iran.
Soveid M, Monabbati A, Sooratchi L, Dahti S.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Nemazee
Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. msoveid@sums.ac.ir
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the salt iodization program, which was
initiated in 1989 on frequencies of thyroiditis and papillary carcinoma in Fars
province of Iran, which was previously an iodine deficient area. METHODS: Four
hundred and eighty-two thyroidectomy specimens belonging to the pre-iodization
period from 1983 to 1988, and 466 post iodization specimens from 1998 to 2003
were re-examined for presence of lymphocytic infiltration and types of thyroid
tumors. This study was carried out in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Iran. RESULTS: The frequency of lymphocytic infiltration in non-neoplastic
specimens increased from 30-60.5% after salt iodization (p<0.001). Background of
lymphocytic infiltration in neoplastic specimens also increased from 18.5-61%
after iodine prophylaxis (p<0.001). The frequency of papillary carcinoma in
neoplastic specimens increased from 15-43% (p=0.01) and that of follicular
adenoma decreased from 69-32.5% (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Salt iodization is
associated with an increased occurrence of histologic thyroiditis and papillary
carcinoma.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2007 Oct 20 [Epub ahead of print]
Safe Range of Iodine Intake Levels: A Comparative Study of Thyroid Diseases in Three Women Population Cohorts with Slightly Different Iodine Intake Levels.
Teng X, Shi X, Shan Z, Jin Y, Guan H, Li Y, Yang F, Wang W, Tong Y, Teng W.
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, China
Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang,
Liaoning Province, 110001, People’s Republic of China, tengxiaochun@126.com.
Iodine excess may lead to thyroid diseases. Our previous 5-year prospective
survey showed that the prevalence and incidence of hypothyroidism or autoimmune
thyroiditis increased with iodine intake. The aim of the present study was to
investigate the optimal range of iodine intake by comparing the prevalence of
thyroid diseases in three areas with slightly different levels of iodine intake.
In 2005, 778 unselected women subjects from three areas with different iodine
intake levels were enrolled. Levels of serum thyroid hormones, thyroid
autoantibodies, and urinary iodine were measured, and thyroid B ultrasounds were
performed. Among the subjects with mildly deficient iodine intake, those with
adequate intake, and those with more than adequate intake, the prevalence of
clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism was 0, 1.13, and 2.84%, respectively (P =
0.014); that of thyroid goiter was 24.88, 5.65, and 11.37%, respectively (P <
0.001); that of serum thyrotropin values was1.01, 1.25, and 1.39 mIU/l,
respectively; and that of serum thyrotropin/thyroglobulin ratio was 7.98, 6.84,
and 5.11, respectively (P < 0.001). In conclusion, median urinary iodine 100~200
mug/l may reflect the safe range of iodine intake levels. Serum
thyrotropin/thyroglobulin ratio might be a better index of evaluating iodine
status.Endocrinology. 2007 Jun;148(6):2747-52. Epub 2007 Mar 8.
Induction of goitrous hypothyroidism by dietary iodide in SJL mice.
Li HS, Carayanniotis G.
Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s,
Newfoundland, Canada.
Prolonged intake of large amounts of iodide has been reported to increase the
incidence of goiter and/or hypothyroidism in humans as well as animals prone to
spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. In the current study, we investigated the
role of dietary iodide on the development of hypothyroidism, as well as
thyroiditis, in strains of mice that do not develop spontaneous autoimmune
thyroiditis. Intake of 0.05% NaI via drinking water for 10 wk induced
hypothyroidism in SJL/J mice as indicated by elevated TSH and depressed total
T(4) values in serum and formation of colloidal goiter with an inactive flattened
thyroid epithelium. Hypothyroidism did not appear to have an autoimmune basis
because only focal mononuclear cell infiltrates were found intrathyroidally, and
antithyroglobulin antibodies or increased organification of iodide were not
detected. These phenomena were not observed in similarly treated CBA/J mice,
suggesting polymorphisms in genes controlling events downstream of iodide uptake
by thyrocytes. Interestingly, RT-PCR analysis indicated that unlike CBA/J, SJL/J
mice could not down-regulate Na/I symporter gene expression during the NaI
treatment. No significant temporal or strain differences were observed regarding
the expression of thyroglobulin, pendrin, thyroid peroxidase, and DUOX1 and DUOX2
genes after NaI intake. Our results point to the generation of a mouse model for
the study of iodine-induced hypothyroidism, which does not seem to have an
autoimmune basis.J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26(2 Suppl):49-56.
Iodine excess and thyroid autoimmunity.
Bournaud C, Orgiazzi JJ.
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Centre
Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, 69495 Pierre-Bénite Cedex, France.
Epidemiological studies, as well as animal models, indicate that iodine might be
an immunogenic agent for the thyroid gland, at least in subjects predisposed to
thyroid autoimmunity. This review presents data, either epidemiological or
experimental, obtained in different conditions: constant and stable iodine
status, either deficient, sufficient or excessive; long-term iodine prophylaxis;
temporary supplementation with iodide (6-12 months) or iodised oil. Moreover, we
also discuss data obtained in the general population, among subjects with
euthyroid goiter, or autoimmune goiter, or even in women prone to post-partum
thyroid diseases. It is concluded that the significant increase in the prevalence
of autoimmune thyroid diseases in populations living in iodine sufficient areas
should not prevent the implementation of the iodine prophylaxis.J Immunol. 2002 Jun 1;168(11):5907-11.
Enhanced iodination of thyroglobulin facilitates processing and presentation of a
cryptic pathogenic peptide.
Dai YD, Rao VP, Carayanniotis G.
Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.
Increased iodine intake has been associated with the development of experimental
autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), but the biological basis for this association
remains poorly understood. One hypothesis has been that enhanced incorporation of
iodine in thyroglobulin (Tg) promotes the generation of pathogenic T cell
determinants. In this study we sought to test this by using the pathogenic
nondominant A(s)-binding Tg peptides p2495 and p2694 as model Ags. SJL mice
challenged with highly iodinated Tg (I-Tg) developed EAT of higher severity than
Tg-primed controls, and lymph node cells (LNC) from I-Tg-primed hosts showed a
higher proliferation in response to I-Tg in vitro than Tg-primed LNC reacting to
Tg. Interestingly, I-Tg-primed LNC proliferated strongly in vitro against p2495,
but not p2694, indicating efficient and selective priming with p2495 following
processing of I-Tg in vivo. Tg-primed LNC did not respond to either peptide.
Similarly, the p2495-specific, IL-2-secreting T cell hybridoma clone 5E8 was
activated when I-Tg-pulsed, but not Tg-pulsed, splenocytes were used as APC,
whereas the p2694-specific T cell hybridoma clone 6E10 remained unresponsive to
splenic APC pulsed with Tg or I-Tg. The selective in vitro generation of p2495
was observed in macrophages or dendritic cells, but not in B cells, suggesting
differential processing of I-Tg among various APC. These data demonstrate that
enhanced iodination of Tg facilitates the selective processing and presentation
of a cryptic pathogenic peptide in vivo or in vitro and suggest a mechanism that
can at least in part account for the association of high iodine intake and the
development of EAT.==================================================
July 15, 2009 at 5:15 pm #2676JeanMembermore study
Autoimmunity 1995;20(3):201-6
Excess iodine induces the expression of thyroid solid cell nests in lymphocytic thyroiditis-prone BB/W rats. Zhu YP, Bilous M, Boyages SC. Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Previous epidemiological studies have suggested that lymphocytic thyroiditis and/or an increased iodine intake may be risk factors for the development of thyroid cancer. We previously reported that excess iodine accelerated the development of thyroid lymphocytic infiltration (LI) in the autoimmune BB/W rat model. We also found that excess iodine increased thyroid cell proliferation in a disordered manner. The present study was designed to further explore these observations and to address the question as to whether excess iodine under certain conditions predisposes the thyroid gland to neoplasia. To test this hypothesis, the lymphocytic thyroiditis-prone BB/W rat was exposed to excess iodine in drinking water. Ten BB/W rats at 4 weeks of age were given iodine water (NaI 0.05%) for 10 weeks, whilst another 10 BB/W rats were given tap water and served as controls. Eighteen normal Wistar rats were also divided into excess iodine and control groups, served as a comparison to the BB/W rats. We found that an excess iodine intake accelerated the development of LI in the BB/W rat. Severe LI was usually accompanied by prominent thyroid cell proliferation, evident as numerous microfollicles and cell masses, not forming normal thyroid follicles. Numerous lymphocytes and plasma cells often encroached on these areas of increased cellular proliferation. The surprising feature, and a possible indicator of activated thyroid cell proliferation, was the high incidence of thyroid solid cell nest-like lesions (SCN) in the iodine treated BB/W rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989 Oct;31(4):453-65
Thyroid autoimmunity in endemic goitre caused by excessive iodine intake.
Boyages SC, Bloot AM, Maberly GF, Eastman CJ, Li M, Qian QD, Liu DR, van der
Gaag RD, Drexhage HA.
Department of Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
The pathophysiology of endemic goitre caused by excessive iodine intake is not
well defined. By interacting with the immune system, iodine excess may trigger
the development of autoimmune thyroid disease such as lymphocytic Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis (LT). In an attempt to examine this further, we compared the
presence of thyroid autoantibodies in 29 goitrous children, from an iodine
excess area, and in 26 healthy children, from an iodine sufficient area, of
north central China. Serum was tested for antimicrosomal (MAb),
anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb), second colloid antigen antibodies (CA2-Ab) and TSH
binding inhibitory immunoglobulins (TBII). Affinity chromatographically purified
IgG was tested for thyroid growth-stimulating activity (TGI) by two different
methods: a sensitive cytochemical bioassay (CBA) using guinea-pig thyroid
explants and a mitotic arrest assay (MAA) employing a continuous rat thyroid
cell line (FRTL-5). We found no increased prevalence of LT in patients with
endemic iodine goitre. The levels of MAb, TgAb and CA2-Ab did not differ
significantly between the two groups of children. Further, TBII were not present
in either group. Thyroid growth-stimulating immunoglobulins (TGI) were the major
autoantibodies found in children with goitres caused by iodine excess. In the
CBA, 12 of 20 (60%) goitrous children and 0 of 12 (0% P less than 0.05) healthy
children were positive for TGI. Similar results were found in the MAA, and a
good correlation between results of the CBA and MAA was found (P = 0.003).
Maximal TGI activity in dose-response CBA showed a good relation with clinical
goitre size (r = 0.63; P less than 0.05) indicating a possible
pathophysiological role for these antibodies. We conclude that endemic iodine
goitre is not associated with Hashimoto’s lymphocytic thyroiditis. Nevertheless,
autoimmune growth factors such as TGI may play a primary role in the
pathogenesis of thyroid growth in this condition.Science 1985 Oct 18;230(4723):325-7
Induction of autoimmune thyroiditis in chickens by dietary iodine.
Bagchi N, Brown TR, Urdanivia E, Sundick RS. Clinical studies have suggested that excess dietary iodine promotes autoimmune
thyroiditis; however, the lack of a suitable animal model has hampered
investigation of the phenomenon. In this study, different amounts of potassium
iodide were added to the diets of chicken strains known to be genetically
susceptible to autoimmune thyroiditis. Administration of iodine during the first
10 weeks of life increased the incidence of the disease, as determined by
histology and the measurement of autoantibodies to triiodothyronine, thyroxine,
and thyroglobulin. Further support for the relation between iodine and
autoimmune thyroiditis was provided by an experiment in which iodine-deficient
regimens decreased the incidence of thyroid autoantibodies in a highly
susceptible strain. These results suggest that excessive consumption of iodine
in the United States may be responsible for the increased incidence of
autoimmune thyroiditis.Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;81(4):840-4.
High thyroid volume in children with excess dietary iodine intakes.
Zimmermann MB, Ito Y, Hess SY, Fujieda K, Molinari L.
Human Nutrition Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich,
Switzerland. michael.zimmermann@ilw.agrl.ethz.ch
BACKGROUND: There are few data on the adverse effects of chronic exposure to high iodine intakes, particularly in children. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to ascertain whether high dietary intakes of iodine in children result in high thyroid volume (Tvol), a high risk of goiter, or both. DESIGN: In an international sample of 6-12-y-old children (n = 3319) from 5 continents with iodine intakes ranging from adequate to excessive, Tvol was measured by ultrasound, and the urinary iodine (UI) concentration was measured. Regressions were done on Tvol and goiter including age, body surface area, sex, and UI concentration as covariates. RESULTS: The median UI concentration ranged from 115 microg/L in central Switzerland to 728 microg/L in coastal Hokkaido, Japan. In the entire sample, 31% of children had UI concentrations >300 microg/L, and 11% had UI concentrations >500 microg/L; in coastal Hokkaido, 59% had UI concentrations >500 microg/L, and 39% had UI concentrations >1000 microg/L. In coastal Hokkaido, the mean age- and body surface area-adjusted Tvol was approximately 2-fold the mean Tvol from the other sites combined (P < 0.0001), and there was a positive correlation between log(UI concentration) and log(Tvol) (r = 0.24, P < 0.0001). In the combined sample, after adjustment for age, sex, and body surface area, log(Tvol) began to rise at a log(UI concentration) >2.7, which, when transformed back to the linear scale, corresponded to a UI concentration of approximately 500 microg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic iodine intakes approximately twice those recommended-indicated by UI concentrations in the range of 300-500 microg/L-do not increase Tvol in children. However, UI concentrations >/=500 microg/L are associated with increasing Tvol, which reflects the adverse effects of chronic iodine excess.
Multicenter StudyHokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1994 May;69(3):614-26. [Screening for thyroid dysfunction in adults residing in Hokkaido Japan: in relation to urinary iodide concentration and thyroid autoantibodies]
[Article in Japanese] Konno N, Iizuka N, Kawasaki K, Taguchi H, Miura K, Taguchi S, Murakami S, Hagiwara K, Noda Y, Ukawa S. Department of Internal Medicine, Hokkaido Central Hospital for Social Health Insurance, Sapporo, Japan. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its relation to thyroid autoantibodies (TAA) and urinary iodide concentration (UI) was studied in apparently healthy adults in Sapporo (n = 4110) (Sapporo group), and in five coastal areas of Hokkaido (n = 1061) (coastal group) which produce iodine-rich seaweed (kelp). The frequency of above normal UI (high UI) in the morning urinary samples of coastal group was 10.8%, significantly higher than that of Sapporo group (6.4%) (p < 0.001). Frequency of positive TAA in both groups were similar. In Sapporo group TAA was positive in 6.4% of males and 13.8% of females with an age-related increase. The overall prevalence of hyperthyroidism (TSH < 0.15 mU/L) in coastal group (0.6%) was similar to that in Sapporo group (1.1%), while that of hypothyroidism (TSH > 5.0 mU/L) in coastal group (3.8%) was significantly higher than that in Sapporo group (1.3%) (P < 0.001). The frequency of high UI correlated significantly with that of hypothyroidism with negative TAA (r = 0.829, P < 0.05), but not with positive TAA, or with that of hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism was more prevalent in TAA negative subjects with high UI than with normal UI. Moreover, serum TSH and thyroglobulin levels were higher and free T4 level was lower in former than in latter group. These results indicate that 1) the prevalence of TAA negative hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas may be associated with the amount of iodine ingested, 2) this hypothyroidism is more prevalent and marked in subjects consuming further excess amounts of iodine, and 3) excessive intake of iodine should be considered an etiology of hypothyroidism in addition to chronic thyroiditis in these areas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1987 Jun;16(2):327-42
Environmental factors affecting autoimmune thyroid disease.
Safran M, Paul TL, Roti E, Braverman LE.
Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester.
A number of environmental factors affect the incidence and progression of
autoimmune thyroid disease. Exposure to excess iodine, certain drugs, infectious
agents and pollutants, and stress have all been implicated.Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1978 Aug;88(4):703-12
A case of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with thyroid immunological abnormality
manifested after habitual ingestion of seaweed.
Okamura K, Inoue K, Omae T.
An interesting case of iodide induced goitre with immunological abnormalities is
described. The patient who was sensitive to synthetic penicillin had previously
been treated for exudative pleuritis, congestive heart failure and acute renal
failure. Following recovery, he began to ingest large amounts of seaweed after
which he developed goitrous hypothyroidism. It was of interest that the serum
level of gamma-globulin increased, and subsequently the antithyroid microsomal
antibody became strongly positive, suggesting that thyroidal autoimmune
processes had been precipitated. Biopsy of the thyroid gland revealed chronic
thyroiditis, with evidence suggesting extreme stimulation by TSH. Hight
thyroidal uptake of 131I, positive perchlorate discharge test and biochemical
analysis of the thyroidal soluble protein showed severe impairment of hormone
synthesis following continuous accumulation of excess iodide. While there is
evidence suggesting that increased iodide may be an important factor in the
initiation of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, this may result from the marked increased
sensitivity of Hashimoto’s gland to the effects of iodine. Thus an occult lesion
could be unmasked in this manner. The mechanism by which iodide mediates this
effect is not clear.Thyroid 2001 May;11(5):427-36
Iodine and thyroid autoimmune disease in animal models.
Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
Thyroid autoimmune diseases are complex, polygenic afflictions the penetrance of
which is heavily dependent on various environmental influences. In their
pathogenesis, an afferent stage (enhanced autoantigen presentation), a central
stage (excessive expansion and maturation of autoreactive T and B cells), and an
efferent stage (effects of autoreactive T cells and B cells on their targets)
can be discerned. At each stage, a plethora of inborn, endogenous or exogenous
factors is able to elicit the abnormalities characteristic of that stage, thus
opening the gateway to thyroid autoimmunity. Iodine is an important exogenous
modulating factor of the process. In general, iodine deficiency attenuates,
while iodine excess accelerates autoimmune thyroiditis in autoimmune prone
individuals. In nonautoimmune prone individuals, the effects of iodine are
different. Here iodine deficiency precipitates a mild (physiological) form of
thyroid autoimmune reactivity. Iodine excess stimulates thymus development.
Iodine probably exerts these effects via interference in the various stages of
the autoimmune process. In the afferent and efferent stage, iodine-induced
alterations in thyrocyte metabolism and even necrosis most likely play a role.
By contrast, in the central phase, iodine has direct effects on thymus
development, the development and function of various immune cells (T cells, B
cells macrophages and dendritic cells) and the antigenicity of thyroglobulin.Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996 Dec;81(3):287-92
Iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD-H-2h4 mice.
Rasooly L, Burek CL, Rose NR.
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Excess iodine ingestion has been implicated in induction and exacerbation of autoimmune thyroiditis in human populations and animal models. We studied the time course and sex-related differences in iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD-H-2h4 mice. This strain, derived from a cross of NOD with B10.A(4R), spontaneously develops autoimmune thyroiditis but not diabetes. NOD-H-2h4 mice were given either plain water or water with 0.05% iodine for 8 weeks. Approximately 54% of female and 70% of male iodine-treated mice developed thyroid lesions, whereas only 1 of 20 control animals had thyroiditis at this time. Levels of serum thyroxin (T4) were similar in the treatment and control groups. Thyroglobulin-specific antibodies were present in the iodine-treated group after 8 weeks of treatment but antibodies to thyroid peroxidase were not apparent in the serum of any of the animals. Levels of thyroglobulin antibodies increased throughout the 8-week iodine ingestion period; however, no correlation was seen between the levels of total thyroglobulin antibodies and the degree of thyroid infiltration at the time of autopsy. The thyroglobulin antibodies consisted primarily of IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgM antibodies with no detectable IgA, IgG1, or IgG3 thyroglobulin-specific antibodies. The presence of IgG2b thyroglobulin-specific antibodies correlated well with the presence of thyroid lesions.July 19, 2009 at 1:49 pm #2669JanSzMemberWhat is the best test to find out ones iodine levels?
I was using Lugols’ Solution, about 6 drops everyday into my coffee for over a year.
blood test 3/19/2008
Iodine, P/S=462(40-92)ug/LI switched to same 6 drops but only once a week.
Unfortunately this years blood test for iodine and few other items was omitted, will have to follow with additional test.
/August 2, 2009 at 9:27 pm #2662DrMariano2Participant@JanSz 853 wrote:
What is the best test to find out ones iodine levels?
I was using Lugols’ Solution, about 6 drops everyday into my coffee for over a year.
blood test 3/19/2008
Iodine, P/S=462(40-92)ug/LI switched to same 6 drops but only once a week.
Unfortunately this years blood test for iodine and few other items was omitted, will have to follow with additional test.
/24-hour hour urine iodine is the standard test.
One can also do a random urine iodine.
August 2, 2009 at 11:48 pm #2664hardasnails1973MemberRandom iodine is invalid once iodoral is consumed. One would need to get the standard load test done to confirm this. The question just how accurate and how valid is the loading test?
Once you hit saturation then what? Reduce to 12.5 mgs a day or stop all together.August 3, 2009 at 1:24 am #2670BlackJackMemberHAN; isnt spectracell adding iodine to the list soon?
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